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The history of the Philippines is believed to have begun with the arrival of the first humans using rafts or primitive boats at least 67,000 years ago as the 2007 discovery of Callao Man suggested.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Callao Man' Could Redraw Filipino History : Discovery News )〕 Negrito tribes first inhabited the isles. Groups of Austronesians later migrated to the islands. Eventually various groups developed, separated into hunter-gatherer tribes, warrior societies, petty plutocracies and maritime-oriented harbor principalities which eventually grew into kingdoms, rajahnates, kedatuans, huangdoms and sultanates. These small nations were either greatly influenced by Hindu religions, literature and philosophy from India,〔''Some Aspects of Asian History and Culture'' by Upendra Thakur p.4〕 Islam from Arabia or were Sinified tributary states allied to China. The nations included the Indianized Rajahnates of Butuan and Cebu, the dynasty of Tondo, the august kingdoms of Maysapan and Maynila, the Kedatuan of Madja-as, the sinified Huangdom of Ma-i, the Huangdom of Pangasinan as well as the Muslim Sultanates of Sulu, Lanao and Maguindanao. These small maritime states flourished from the 1st millennium. These kingdoms traded with what are now called China, India, Japan, Thailand, Vietnam, and Indonesia.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=The Cultural Influences of India, China, Arabia, and Japan )〕 The remainder of the settlements were independent barangays allied with one of the larger states. The first recorded visit by Europeans is the arrival of Ferdinand Magellan. He sighted Samar Island on March 16, 1521 and landed the next day on Homonhon Island, now part of Guiuan, Eastern Samar. Spanish colonization began with the arrival of Miguel López de Legazpi's expedition on February 13, 1565 from Mexico. He established the first permanent settlement in Cebu.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Cebu )〕 Much of the archipelago came under Spanish rule, creating the first unified political structure known as the Philippines. Spanish colonial rule saw the introduction of Christianity, the code of law and the oldest modern university in Asia. The Philippines was ruled under the Mexico-based Viceroyalty of New Spain until the advent of Mexican independence. After which, the colony was directly governed by Spain. Spanish rule ended in 1898 with Spain's defeat in the Spanish–American War. The Philippines then became a colony of the United States. American rule was not uncontested. The Philippine Revolution had begun in August 1896 against Spain, and after the defeat of Spain in the Battle of Manila Bay began again in earnest, culminating in the Philippine Declaration of Independence and the establishment of the First Philippine Republic. The Philippine–American War ensued, with extensive damage and death, and ultimately resulting in the defeat of the Philippine Republic.〔Secretary Root's Record:"Marked Severities" in Philippine Warfare, Wikisource (multiple mentions)〕 The United States established the Insular Government to rule the Philippines. In 1907, the elected Philippine Assembly was convened as the lower house of a bicameral legislature and in 1916 the U.S. Federal Government formally promised independence in the Jones Act.〔 The Philippine Commonwealth was established in 1935, as a 10-year interim step prior to full independence.〔.〕 Before independence, World War II began and Japan occupied the Philippines.〔.〕 After the end of the war, the Treaty of Manila established an independent Philippine Republic.〔.〕 In 1972, Philippine President Ferdinand Marcos imposed martial law. Following the assassination of the Ninoy Aquino, Marcos held snap elections in 1986 and subsequently fled the country during the People Power Revolution which installed Cory Aquino as president and reestablished democracy. In the 21st Century, the Philippines is the 12th most populous country of the world, part of ASEAN, a key ally of the United States, with an economy dominated by fishing and agriculture with a growing business process outsourcing (BPO) industry and nearly 10% of the population abroad as overseas Filipino workers. == Prehistory == (詳細はCallao Man of Cagayan and the Angono Petroglyphs in Rizal, both of whom appear to suggest the presence of human settlement prior to the arrival of the Negritos and Austronesian speaking people.〔Severino, Howie G. (August 1, 2010). (Researchers discover fossil of human older than Tabon Man ). GMA News. Retrieved October 21, 2010.〕〔Morella, Cecil. (August 3, 2010). ('Callao Man' Could Redraw Filipino History ). Agence France-Presse. Retrieved October 21, 2010 from Discovery News.〕〔"(Archaeologists unearth 67,000-year-old human bone in Philippines )". ''The Daily Telegraph''.〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=The Philippines – The Philippines in earlier times – The First Inhabitants 40,000 years ago )〕 There are several opposing theories regarding the origins of ancient Filipinos. F. Landa Jocano theorizes that the ancestors of the Filipinos evolved locally. Wilhelm Solheim's Island Origin Theory〔Solheim, Wilhelm G., II. (2006). ''Archeology and Culture in Southeast Asia''. University of the Philippines Press. pp. (57–139 ). ISBN 978-971-542-508-7.〕 postulates that the peopling of the archipelago transpired via trade networks originating in the Sundaland area around 48,000 to 5000 BC rather than by wide-scale migration. The Austronesian Expansion Theory states that Malayo-Polynesians coming from Taiwan began migrating to the Philippines around 4000 BC, displacing earlier arrivals.〔Mijares, Armand Salvador B. (2006). (The Early Austronesian Migration To Luzon: Perspectives From The Peñablanca Cave Sites ). ''Bulletin of the Indo-Pacific Prehistory Association'' 26: 72–78.〕 The Negritos were early settlers, but their appearance in the Philippines has not been reliably dated.〔"Not one roof beam, not one grain of rice, not one pygmy Negrito bone has been recovered. Any theory which describes such details is therefore pure hypothesis and should be honestly presented as such.", .〕 They were followed by speakers of the Malayo-Polynesian languages, a branch of the Austronesian languages, who began to arrive in successive waves beginning about 4000 BC, displacing the earlier arrivals.〔.〕 Before the expansion out of Taiwan, recent archaeological, linguistic and genetic evidence has linked Austronesian speakers in Insular Southeast Asia to cultures such as the Hemudu, its successor the Liangzhu and Dapenkeng in Neolithic China.〔(【引用サイトリンク】first=Laurent )〕 During this neolithic period, a "jade culture" is said to have existed as evidenced by tens of thousands of exquisitely crafted jade artifacts found in the Philippines dated to 2000 BC. The jade is said to have originated nearby in Taiwan and is also found in many other areas in insular and mainland Southeast Asia. These artifacts are said to be evidence of long range communication between prehistoric Southeast Asian societies. By 1000 BC the inhabitants of the Philippine archipelago had developed into four distinct kinds of peoples: tribal groups, such as the Aetas, Hanunoo, Ilongots and the Mangyan who depended on hunter-gathering and were concentrated in forests; warrior societies, such as the Isneg and Kalinga who practiced social ranking and ritualized warfare and roamed the plains; the petty plutocracy of the Ifugao Cordillera Highlanders, who occupied the mountain ranges of Luzon; and the harbor principalities of the estuarine civilizations that grew along rivers and seashores while participating in trans-island maritime trade. It was also during the first millennium BC that early metallurgy was said to have reached the archipelagos of maritime Southeast Asia via trade with India Around 300–700 AD the seafaring peoples of the islands traveling in ''balangays'' began to trade with the Indianized kingdoms in the Malay Archipelago and the nearby East Asian principalities, adopting influences from both Buddhism and Hinduism.〔''The Philippines and India'' – Dhirendra Nath Roy, Manila 1929 and ''India and The World'' – By Buddha Prakash p. 119–120.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「History of the Philippines」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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